ABSTRACT
Lumbosacral transitional vertebra (Sacralization) is the fusion of 5Th lumber vertebra with the first segment of the sacrum it may be complete or incomplete. In complete sacralization body of the 5Th lumber vertebra completely fuses with the sacrum, where as in incomplete sacralisation shows a well defined joint line between the transverse process and the sacrum. Both forms may be either unilateral or bilateral. Such kind of abnormalities are importance while reporting the X ray, CT and MRI films, during surgical procedures at the Lumbosacral region and making a differential diagnosis for the low back ache patients. Accordingly the present study was designed to evaluate the incidence and morphological study of Sacralization (Lumbosacral transitional vertebra) in adult Indian sacra and its clinical significance. This study was carried out on 150 dry human sacra irrespective of age and sex at Mayo Institute of Medical Sciences- Barabanki,-UP, Melaka Manipal Medical College-Manipal University and Department of Anatomy, KMCT Medical College, Manassery-Calicut. It was observed that out of 150 sacra, 57 (38%) sacra showed sacralization. Out of 57 sacralized bones, 38 (25.33%) bones showed bilateral sacralization, whereas 19 (12.67%) bones showed unilateral sacralization. Such Lumbosacral transitional vertebra may increase the ricks of Disc bulge / herniation or pseudarthrosis (nonunions) with the ilium, degenerative sclerosis around the false joint, compression of lumber nerve roots, low back pain, and false administration of epidural or intradural anaesthetics in lumbosacral region. Its sound knowledge is not only enlightening for the orthopaedic surgeons, also vital for the clinical anatomists, forensic experts and morphologists.
ABSTRACT
The hippocampus is located bilaterally in the medial temporal lobe; within the hippocampus the flow of information is unidirectional. Repeated psychological stress, aging and dementia may leads to the dendritic atrophy in CA1 pyramidal neurons of hippocampus. Accordingly, the present study was designed to investigate the role of aqueous root extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra (Gg) treatment on the dendritic arborization and dendritic intersections of hippocampal CA1 neurons in 3 months old male Wistar albino rats. The aqueous root extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra was administered orally in four different doses (75, 150, 225 and 300 mg/kg) for 2, 4 and 6 weeks duration, respectively. At the end of the spatial memory tests, the rats were sacrificed by deeply anesthetized Pentobarbitone, their brains were removed rapidly and Hippocampal CA1 region studied through Rapid Golgi staining. Hippocampal CA1 neurons were traced using camera lucida, and Quantification of dendritic branching points and dendritic intersections were quantified by using concentric circle method of Sholl. All the doses of aqueous root extract of Gg for 6 weeks showed significantly enhanced dendritic arborization and dendritic intersections however in the dose of 150 and 225 mg/kg/p.o showed a significant (p<0.01) enhancement of dendritic arborization and dendritic intersections along the length of both apical and basal dendrites in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons is comparable to control. However, the rats treated for 2 and 4 weeks did not show any significant change in hippocampal CA1 neuronal dendritic arborization. Thus the constituents present in aqueous root extract of Gg may stimulate the release of neuromodulators or neuronal dendritic growth stimulating factors that alter the activity of neurotransmitters that are involved in learning and memory, which thereby may be useful in management of impaired learning, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.